ENGLISH COURSES

ENGL 099: Connecting Reading and Writing
This course is designed to provide entering students with an introduction to college-level writing, reading, and thinking processes. It is a workshop style course connecting students to the various academic, social, and cultural contexts that inform their reading, writing, and thinking. Students may only enroll after completing the placement process and/or by approval of English department chair. Credit earned in this course will not count toward the university’s 120 credit hour minimum required for graduation. Enrollment is continuous until students earn a ‘C’ or better. (3 credits)

ENGL 101: College Writing I
In this course, students will investigate the purposes, both academic and non-academic, for writing and reading. Students will develop increased writing fluency, clarity, and coherence; a fuller understanding of rhetorical principles, including invention, organization, and audience; improved strategies for revising and editing their prose, emphasizing the standards of edited American English; and an understanding of writing and reading as tools for learning and communication. (3 credits)

ENGL 103: College Writing II
In this course, students will learn to read academic and persuasive discourse in an active, critical manner; develop deliberated positions on selected issues and questions; compose strongly supported and reasoned arguments regarding those issues and questions; acquire information literacy skills, learning efficient and productive strategies for research from both print and online sources; and complete documented essays which effectively integrate source materials into a persuasive whole. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 150: Writing to Discover
An intensive writers’ workshop where participants and facilitators work individually and in small groups to fine-tune the craft of their writing. Course may be repeated up to 4 credits. (1 credit)

ENGL 204: Composition and Rhetoric
Expository and persuasive writing based on the study and application of rhetorical theory. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 205: Technical and Scientific Writing
Work in research and organizing professional papers and reports. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 210: Interpreting Literature
Students read and interpret a variety of texts from any time period or geographical location. Genres may include poetry, short story, novella, novel, drama, and non-fiction. (3 credits)

ENGL 214: Film Analysis
A survey of contemporary and classic films. (3 credits)

ENGL 218, 219: Elementary College Latin
An introductory study of basic Latin. One semester may be taken for credit without the other. (3 credits each course)

ENGL 220: Writing About Literature
Writing as the practical application of literary interpretation and research, using recent computer technology. Prerequisites: ENGL 101 and 103. (3 credits)

ENGL 240: Creative Writing: Fiction
This writing workshop provides the opportunity for students to develop their abilities in writing fiction. Original student work is read and discussed in class and in conferences with the instructor. Reading of classic and contemporary fiction is assigned. This course may be repeated for up to six credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 242: Afro-American Literature
A study of black American literature as it pertains to the American experience. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 243: Literature of the Women’s Movement
Women authors from various periods read with a woman’s perspective on the world. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 244: Native American Literature
A study of Native American Literature as it pertains to the American experience. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 246: Latino Literature of the U.S.
Study of U.S. Latino literature written in English. Focus will be on how region determines varying components (identity, theme, form, or mood), exemplified in distinctions between immigration, barrio, southwestern, Chicago, and L.A. literatures. Prerequisite: English 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 248: Eastern Literature
Study of such standard works as the Bhagavad-Gita, the writings of Confucius, and the Bible, in addition to other works from India, China, and the countries of the near East. Prerequisite: ENGL 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 288: Classic Theatre Tour
The study of classic drama, climaxed by a trip to the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada; the Shaw Festival Theater; or other appropriate theaters in Toronto. Offered in the summer. Travel fee required. Prerequisite: ENGL 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 305: Practicum: Teaching Writing
Experience in developing, responding to, evaluating, and grading student writing tasks, and in tutoring student writers, combined with an introduction to theory used in the teaching of writing. Required for certification to teach English in the secondary schools. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 306: Advanced Technical and Scientific Writing
Advanced work in research and organizing professional papers and reports. Prerequisite: ENGL 205. (3 credits)

ENGL 307: Writing for Electronic Media and Film
This course develops writing skills that enable students to write basic continuity for public service announcements, slide-tape instructional programs, local level video tape productions, and other applications as they relate to electronic media and film. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 308: Advertising Copywriting
Work in the writing and production of advertising copy. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 309: Business and Administrative Writing
Principles and practices of good writing as found in business letters and report writing. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 310: Auto/Biographical Writing
Biographical writing will acquaint students with historical, theoretical and practical problems involved in writing biography or autobiography. Students will write a paper on a theoretical aspect of biography and prepare a biographical or autobiographical project. Prerequisite: ENGL 103; some background in oral history would be useful. (3 credits)

ENGL 311: Chaucer
Selections from The Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde, and other works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 312: Shakespeare
Selected comedies, tragedies and histories with their literary and historical background. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 315: The Cinematic Review: Historical and Critical Writing
A survey of significant motion pictures with emphasis upon the techniques of film making and film reviewing. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 316: Asian Film
The critical analysis of films from India and East Asia. Emphasis is on contemporary films from China and Japan. Also meets requirements for the Asian Studies Minor. Prerequsite: ENG. 210 or Declared English Major. (3 credits)

ENGL 317: British Literature I
A comprehensive study of authors and literary works from the Old English period through Milton. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 318: British Literature II
A comprehensive survey of authors and literary works from the Civil War and Restoration through the early 20th century. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 319: American Literature I
A comprehensive survey of American literature from Puritan times through Melville. Prerequisite: ENGL 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 320: American Literature II
A comprehensive survey of American literature from Whitman through modern times. Prerequisite: ENGL 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 331: Historical Development of the English Language
An examination of each historical period to discover the structure of the language, its spelling, vocabulary, syntax, and the influences of social conditions upon it. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 332: Traditional Grammar
Brief history of the English language; thorough study of traditional and transformational grammar with emphasis on syntax. Differences between prescrip-tive and descriptive grammar and problems of current usage. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 333: Concepts in Linguistics
An examination of language structure: phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, and an introduction to psycho, socio, and historical linguistics. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 340: Creative Writing: Poetry
This writing workshop provides the opportunity for students to develop their abilities in writing poetry. Original student work is read and discussed in class and in conferences with the instructor. Reading of classic and contemporary poetry is assigned. This course may be repeated for up to six credits. Prerequisite: ENGL 101. (3 credits)

ENGL 383: Challenges of the American Experience I (to 1865)
An interdisciplinary course including American literature, history, philosophy, and politics examining the roots of American institutions, values and cultures and their significance for the challenges confronting contemporary society. (3 credits)

ENGL 384: Challenges of the American Experience II (1865 to the Present)
An interdisciplinary course including American literature, history, philosophy, and politics examining the roots of American institutions, values and cultures and their significance for the challenges confronting contemporary society. (3 credits)

ENGL 389: Stratford Shakespeare Tour
Study of the works and time of Shakespeare, climaxed by a trip to the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. Offered in the summer only. Travel fee required. Prerequisite: ENGL 101and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 398: Selected Topics
The in-depth examination of a specific topic. The nature of the topic selected and its treatment determined in consultation with the instructor. (1-3 credits)

ENGL 402: World Literature
Critical analysis of selected works by writers outside the U.S. and Britain. Prerequisite: ENGL 101, 103 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 403: Literary Criticism
Selected criticisms from Plato to Frye, with application of critical approaches and principles to works of several genres. Prerequisite: ENGL 101, 103, and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 409: Advanced Research Writing
Course will instruct majors in the B.S. in Writing Program (Option A) in the goals, audiences, sources, methods, and processes requisite for research and professionalization as writers. (3 credits)

ENGL 410: Literature of the Environment
Encourage those interested in the rhetoric of science, nature writing, and environmentalism to pose informed questions regarding the language, rhetoric, images, and ideas found in significant poetry and prose, fiction and nonfiction, that concern the environment. Prerequisite: ENGL 101 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 450: Internship
Provides work experience at an outside agency, such as newspapers, radio stations, industrial firms, government or social service, and the Pittsburgh Pirates and Pittsburgh Penguins public relations offices. Prerequisite: At least two sequential courses in the writing sequence and approval of advisor. (3-6 credits)

ENGL 480: Literature Seminar
This seminar focuses on a major author or pair of authors, a single literary genre, or a specific literary period. Prerequisites: ENGL 101, 103 and 210 or English Major status. (3 credits)

ENGL 490: Independent Study
A program of supervised independent study. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits per semester)

ENGL 491: Independent Writing
Creative or expository writing projects. Prerequisite: Dean’s approval. (1-3 credits per semester)

ENGL 498: Selected Topics
The in-depth examination of a specific topic. The nature of the topic selected and its treatment determined in consultation with the instructor. (1-3 credits)

ESL 101,102,103: English as a Second Language
A broad and practical working knowledge of the English language for non-native speakers. Courses will prepare the non-native speaker for college coursework in English. Language laboratory attendance required. Students will be placed at the appropriate level based on standardized examination. Cross-listed as MODL 101, 102, 103. (3 credits each)

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCES COURSES

EGEO 100: Environmental Geology
Problems of mineral, energy and water resources, waste disposal, soils and health, geologic hazards, and land use. (3 credits)

EGEO 101: Physical Geology
Emphasis is placed upon those processes acting to create earth materials, landforms, and structures in and on the earth. (3 credits)

EGEO 102: Historical Geology
The evolutionary history of the earth and its life. Two Saturday field trips required. Prerequisites: Geology 101, 111 and concurrent registration in EGEO 112. (3 credits)

EGEO 103/303: Concepts of Evolution and the Fossil Record
An introduction to the fossil record and evolution of life through earth history, including the nature of science, marine and land dwelling organisms and basic theories of evolution and extinction of organisms. Students registering for 303 will be required to do additional work and take more comprehensive exams than the students registered in 103. Prerequisites: Concurrent registration in EGEO 304 is required for EGEO 303. (3 credits)

EGEO 110: Environmental Geology Lab
Complement of EGEO 100; laboratory study of geologic hazards and geologic resources, including resource depletion and waste disposal issues. Course requires a weekend field trip to pertinent regional destinations. Prerequisite: EGEO 100 must be taken prior to or concurrently. (1 credit)

EGEO 111: Physical Geology Lab
Complement to EGEO 101; laboratory studies of minerals, rocks and maps illustrate the concepts of EGEO 101. Prerequisite: EGEO 101 must be taken prior to or concurrently. (1 credit)

EGEO 112: Historical Geology Lab
Complement to EGEO 102; introduction to fossils, interpretation of geologic maps, and principles used in historical geology. Prerequisites: EGEO 101, 111 and concurrent registration in EGEO 102. (1 credit)

EGEO 121: Meteorology
Introduction to principles controlling weather and their effect on man and the environment. Includes lab. (3 credits)

EGEO 131: Oceanography
Introduction to the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the marine environment. (3 credits)

EGEO 201: Earth Materials
Identification of rocks and minerals based on observation and study of physical properties. Origin, occurrence, and value of earth materials. Includes lab. (3 credits)

EGEO 221: Weather and Climate Forecasting
An analysis and use of local and regional computer-collected surface and upper air weather data to forecast weather. A study of past records of climate as clues to future changes. Includes lab. Prerequisite: EGEO 121. (3 credits)

EGEO 231: Aerial Photograph Interpretation
Introduction to photogrammetry, remote sensing, and interpretation of geologic and cultural imagery. Prerequisite: EGEO 101 or 201 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

EGEO 241: Geomorphology
A study of landforms, their origin and relation to geologic processes, structure, and climate. Prerequisite: EGEO 111. (3 credits)

EGEO 242: Glacial Geology
A study of erosional and depositional landforms left by glaciers and their meltwaters. Glacial landforms and soils are examined on maps, air photos and in the field. Prerequisite: EGEO 111. (3 credits)

EGEO 251: Aviation Meteorology
This course is a study of weather conditions commonly encountered in aviation. The subject is treated from the viewpoint of the forecaster and the pilot. Includes lab. Prerequisite: EGEO 121. (3 credits)

EGEO 271: Geotechniques: Lab
Training in laboratory techniques and instruments for geological, geophysical and environmental surveys. (2 credits)

EGEO 272: Geotechniques: Geologic Reports
Training in the use of library facilities and bibliographies, literature searches, construction of index cards, writing of abstracts and technical reports, and oral reporting. Prerequisites: EGEO 102, ENGL 103, COMM 200 (can be taken concurrent) or permission of the instructor. (1 credit)

EGEO 304: Paleontology Laboratory
Laboratory examination of invertebrate fossils, and selected chordates (graptolites and conodonts), including morphology, taxonomy, identification, laboratory preparations and biostratigraphy. One weekend field trip is required. Prerequisites: EGEO 112 and 271 or permission of the instructor. Co-requisite: Geology 303. (1 credit)

EGEO 327: Structural Geology
Origin and description of primary and secondary structures of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Prerequisites: EGEO 112 and 272. (3 credits)

EGEO 340: Air Pollution Meteorology
A study of meteorological parameters of air pollution concentration, dispersion, and removal. Includes air pollution forecasting and modeling. Prerequisite: EGEO 121. (3 credits)

EGEO 351: Mineralogy
Systematic crystallography, crystal chemistry, physics, genesis, occurrence, and identification of minerals. Prerequisites: EGEO 111, 271, 272, CHEM 108, 112 and permission of the instructor. (4 credits)

EGEO 352: Petrology
Classification, occurrence, and genesis of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Identification using hand specimens and polarizing microscope (thin sections). Prerequisite: EGEO 351. (4 credits)

EGEO 360: Introduction to Hydrology
A study of the occurrence and movement of water and man’s effect on this basic resource. Prerequisites: EGEO 101 and 201 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

EGEO 362: Stratigraphy
Principles of stratigraphy, stratigraphic mapping, and graphic techniques used in stratigraphic interpretation. Two Saturday field trips may be required. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

EGEO 448: X-ray Spectrometry
Concepts of x-ray production and interaction with crystalline materials. Application of x-ray diffraction methods for identification of minerals, and x-ray fluorescence techniques for chemical analysis. One lecture and one two-hour laboratory per week. Prerequisites: CHEM 107 and EGEO 201. (3 credits)

EGEO 450: Internship
Supervised placement and research in selected public and private agencies. Prerequisite: Permission of geology chairperson. (3-12 credits)

EGEO 451: Geochemistry
Basic thermodynamics applied to the geochemistry of natural systems. The course will focus on low temperature inorganic reactions that are important for the environmental fate and transport of contaminants in the environment. The course will require the use of computer spreadsheets and models to solve geochemical problems covered in lecture. Three hours of lecture and one hour of computer lab. Prerequisites: CHEM 108, 112 and EGEO 201 or equivalent. (4 credits)

EGEO 453: Geotechniques: Geochemistry
Laboratory and field experiments to study the geochemistry of local environmental systems. Field sampling, in-field and laboratory analysis, and construction of experimental systems will be conducted. Field trips for sample collection will occur weekly. Prerequisite: EGEO 451 or permission of the instructor. (1 credit)

EGEO 460: Hydrogeology
A study of the quantitative and qualitative interrelationships of geologic materials and processes with ground water. Prerequisite: EGEO 360 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

EGEO 476: Geotechniques: Geophysics
Lab and field techniques. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Prerequisite: EGEO 460 or 475. (1 credit)

EGEO 481: Geologic Map Interpretation
A seminar for advanced undergraduates in whom students and staff participate in map interpretation. One two-hour lab per week. Prerequisite: Senior standing or permission of the instructor. (1 credit)

EGEO 482: Senior Seminar
A seminar for advanced undergraduates in which students and staff participate in discussions concerning classical and current geological problems. Prerequisite: Senior standing or permission of the instructor. (1 credit)

EGEO 490: Independent Study
Independent work on a topic in the earth sciences selected by the student with permission and advice of the instructor. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)

EGEO 498: Selected Topics
The in-depth examination of a specific topic. The nature of the topic selected and its treatment determined in consultation with the instructor. (1-3 credits)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE COURSES

ENVS 440: Science, Technology, and the Environment
A scientific study of interactions of global systems in the geosphere and biosphere. Selected global problems, such as waste production and disposal, energy use, atmospheric warming, ozone depletion, and acid deposition are analyzed along with possible alternatives. Prerequisite: Four courses completed in the natural sciences and mathematics area of the liberal studies program. (3 credits)

ENVS 450: Environmental Science Internship
Academic credit may be earned through a practicum experience, working for an agency or business. Prerequisites: A mini-mum of 16 credits completed in the major and approval of the agency or business, the program director, and the advisor.
(3-12 credits)

ENVS 480: Environmental Systems Analysis
The student will investigate an environmental problem in conjunction with an appropriate faculty member as a research project. Prerequisites: A minimum of 16 credits completed in the major and the approval of the program director and the advisor. (3 credits)

EXERCISE AND REHABILITATIVE SCIENCE COURSES

ERS 100: Introduction to Exercise Science: Careers and Content
An introductory level class for exercise science majors in which the student will trace the origin of the profession and be given the opportunity to identify professional characteristics through observation and interaction with professionals in the field. The class will encompass career planning, internship opportunities, and current research that pervades the profession. (3 credits)

ERS 107: Introduction to Athletic Training
Addresses the historical development of athletic training and the scope of present programs, including personnel, space and equipment, necessary supplies, condi-tioning, pharmacology, classification of sports injuries and tissue response to injuries. (3 credits)

ERS 161: Adapted Physical Education Activity
This course meets the needs of students with disabilities and/or other health impairments who are otherwise unable to participate in the traditional physical education activity courses. Throughout the course the students will determine individual goals and limitations related to physical performance. In a highly structured and monitored program of exercise and activity coupled with lecture materials, the students will understand physical and motor fitness parameters related to their unique situation. (1 credit)

ERS 165: Equine Facilitated Therapy
Designed to introduce the concept of therapeutic horseback riding as a treatment modality for existing impairments in the individual as an intervention technique against the continued deterioration of those existing impairments. The equine facilitated therapeutic riding program will be examined on an in-depth level in regard to structure, function, operational procedures, and management. Additional areas of focus will include the study of disabling condition, the study of intervention for people with disabilities through a riding program and the experience of the therapeutic movement of the horse. (1 credit)

ERS 217: Care and Prevention of Athletic Injuries
Studies and applies principles and techniques used in prevention, care and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. Clinical experience required. (3 credits)

ERS 235: Biomechanics for Special Populations
A study of human movement patterns with emphasis on the development of efficient movement for special populations. Efficient movement patterns will be based on anatomical, mechanical, and physiological principles. (3 credits)

ERS 261: Adapted Aquatics
Provides the student with practical experience, lectures and discussion in working with children and adults with disabilities in an aquatic setting. (1 credit)

ERS 264: Applied Anatomy
A study of the structure of the human body with particular emphasis upon the skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems as related to scientifically sound and practical exercise programs. (3 credits)

ERS 265: Sport and Disability
Provides practical opportunities to participate in and understand sport opportunities for individuals with disabilities. (1 credit)

ERS 273: Measurement and Statistical Application in Exercise Science
Focuses on measurement, data collection, and statistical treatment (descriptive and inferential) of health and fitness data associated with exercise science. (3 credits)

ERS 275: Introduction to Adapted Physical Activity
The acquisition of competencies to implement developmental programs for individualized instruction where an individual’s progress can be measured and monitored through extending instruc-tional objectives in physical, social, perceptual, and skill activities. The course emphasizes the inclusion of children and adults with disabilities in the educational, recreational, and physical fitness process and placement in the least restrictive environment in schools and community programs. Prerequisite: ERS 264. (3 credits)

ERS 277: Integrative Approach to Athletic Training
Integrate cognitive concepts into progressively higher functional and practical application. This integration is to be achieved after completion of selected athletic training classes and by direct supervision and mentoring. Prerequisite: Admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 285: Adapted and Therapeutic Exercise
Provides the student with practical experience in assessment of assigned clients with disabilities, program design, and administration of exercises performed in an aquatic setting. Prerequisite: ERS 264 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

ERS 317: Therapeutic Modalities Theory
Familiarizes the athletic training student with contemporary physical modalities, appropriate physiology, indications, contraindications, and methods of application. Prerequisites: ERS 107, 217, and admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 321: Care and Prevention of Injuries of the Physically Active
Studies and applies principles and techniques used in prevention, care, and rehabilitation of fitness related injuries. Prerequisites: AHEA 205 and ERS 264. (3 credits)

ERS 327: Therapeutic Modalities Procedures
Familiarizes the athletic training student with the appropriate application and maintenance of therapeutic modalities. To be taken concurrently with AHEA 317. Prerequisites: ERS 107, 217, and admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 337: Physical Examination of the Athlete
Presents knowledge and skills for orthopedic evaluation of the spine and extremities. Includes evaluation of the internal organs as well. Prerequisites: ERS 264 or permission of the instructor, and admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 347: Theory of Therapeutic Techniques in Rehabilitation
Presents treatment theories and techniques necessary in the planning and imple-mentation of therapeutic exercise for prevention of athletic injuries and/or care of the athlete. Prerequisite: Admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 351: Biomechanics
A study of analysis of human motion based on anatomic, physiologic and mechanical principles. Laboratory included. Prerequisites: ERS 264 and PHYS 201. (3 credits)

ERS 357: Application of Therapeutic Techniques
Enables students to develop the application of therapeutic techniques for the prevention of injury and/or care of the athlete. (To be taken concurrently with AHEA 347) Prerequisite: Admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 358: Assessment Techniques in Adapted Physical Activity
Focuses on assessment and intervention for individuals with disabilities. Special emphasis will be on linking assessment to intervention and functioning as a member of an interdisciplinary team. Assessment includes testing, interpreting, prescribing, implementing, and evaluating. Included are programs for physical and motor fitness, posture, and perceptual-motor skills for people with disabilities. The course will also include discussions of exemplary programs and implications of Federal and state legislation concerning individuals with disabilities. (3 credits)

ERS 368 Achievement Based Curriculum
A review of best practices and approaches to planning, assessing, prescribing, teaching, evaluating, and modifying adapted physical activity programs through the use of a systematic achievement based model. (3 credits)

ERS 375: Exercise Physiology I
Study of the physiological bases of exercise with emphasis on the responses and adaptations of the systems of the body to a variety of exercise stimuli. Exercise physiology principles are studied by means of participation in weekly laboratory experiences. Prerequisite: ERS 264. (3 credits)

ERS 376: Exercise Leadership: Group Fitness
This course is designed to provide specialized instruction and opportunities for practical application in the following areas of group fitness activities: hi/lo impact, step, slide, water aerobics, resistance training, yogaerobics, funk/hip-hop, cardio kick box, interval and circuit training. Each topic will be covered in detail with respect to physiological and biomechanical principles, choreography, safety, and modifications for participation of special populations. Current trends and research in the area of group fitness instruction will be explored. Prerequisite: ERS 375. (3 credits)

ERS 377: Exercise Leadership: Strength Fitness
Designed to provide both the theoretical and practical knowledge to effectively design, organize and conduct strength fitness programs. Specific emphasis will be placed on the physiological/kinesiological principles, training guidelines and safety procedures in developing and administering programs for general strength fitness, competitive weightlifting and bodybuilding. Prerequisite: ERS 375 (3 credits)

ERS 384: Motor Control and Learning
Highlights selected motor learning theorists, basic principles surrounding sensory and motor systems, motor control, and other conditions influencing motor skills acquisition in physical education and athletics. Practical laboratory experiments will be utilized to illustrate basic concepts of skill learning and performance. (3 credits)

ERS 387: Practicum in Athletic Training
Provides educational experiences/assessments in the area of athletic training psychomotor domain, to be coordinated/supervised/mentored in a varied athletic training practicum (totaling a minimum of 1,000 hours). Students will establish/maintain portfolios, develop proper medical documentation and record keeping skills, and be provided opportunities for orthopedic surgery observation. Prerequisite: Admission into athletic training program. (3 credits)

ERS 407: Advanced Studies in Current Strategies in Athletic Training
Surveys topics relevant to athletic training, depending on availability of health management experts. Prerequisites: Must have senior status in the athletic training program and have completed all other athletic training coursework. (3 credits)

ERS 427: Mastery in Athletic Training
A capstone course that allows the student to synthesize and apply knowledge and skills of an entry-level athletic trainer in a comprehensive manner. Prerequisite: Completion of 9 credits of ERS 387.

ERS 450: Exercise Science Internship
This course is designed to provide students an opportunity to apply Exercise Science career-oriented skills in a supervised work experience in a university approved fitness, wellness or rehabilitative agency. Prerequisite: completion of internship application process and valid CPR certification. (12 credits)

ERS 465: Adapted Physical Activity in Public Schools
Develops competencies in the implementation of developmentally appropriate activities for children and adults with disabilities in the school and through transitional programs conducted within the community. Prerequisite: ERS 365 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

ERS 466: Professional Affiliation in Adapted Physical Activity
Designed to actively involve the learner in an advanced study of adapted physical activity. The course is conducted in seminar format and the students will study the application of the principles, methods, organization and administration of individualized motor programs. Prerequisite: ERS 275 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

ERS 474: Physical Fitness Assessment and Instrumentation
Provides the theoretical and practical basis to select and utilize properly the instrumentation and techniques for physical fitness assessment. Prerequisites: ERS 273 and 375. (3 credits)

ERS 475: Exercise Physiology II
This is a laboratory-based course that focuses on cardiovascular and respiratory responses and adaptations to a variety of exercise stimuli in both healthy individuals and those with various cardiopulmonary diseases. Special emphasis will be placed upon electrocardiogram monitoring and interpretation, graded exercise testing, and the influence of various environmental factors upon cardiac and pulmonary function. Prerequisite: ERS 375, BIOL 216 or permission of instructor. (3 credits)

ERS 476: Physiological Aspects of Aging and Human Performance
A study of the physiological aspects of the aging process with emphasis on the effects of physical activity on health in the later years of life and on the degenerative process of aging. The course will stress the physiological responses to aging that are influenced by exercise and the physiological rationale for lifelong physical activity. (3 credits)

ERS 484: Exercise Prescription
This course provides the theoretical knowledge base to design safe and effective personalized exercise programs for various populations. Emphasis is placed upon prescribing individualized cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and weight control programs for the apparently healthy, the chronically diseased, the elderly, children and pregnant females. Prerequisite: ERS 474. (3 credits)

ERS 493: Exercise Science: Senior Synthesis
Designed to provide students with experiences which allow them to apply their knowledge and skills in a practical worksite situation. Prerequisite: ERS 474 (3 credits)

ERS 561: Worksite Wellness Promotion
This course is designed to provide current information in the area of wellness and health promotion in various workplace settings. An overview of various concepts and issues relating to worksite wellness programs will be discussed. Guidelines for planning, implementing, and evaluating successful programs will be analyzed. (3 credits)

FINANCE COURSES

FIN 100: Personal Finance Planning
Practical money management including information about careers, how to get a job, budgeting, credit, investments, insurance, housing, taxes, and other consumer matters. (3 credits)

FIN 211: Real Estate Fundamentals
The study of nature and scope of real estate, factors affecting demand and supply, property rights, title, deeds and title closing, sources of financing, real estate valuation, taxes, leveraged buy-outs, and real estate investment decision. (3 credits)

FIN 304: Money and Banking
Emphasis is upon monetary policy, how it is implemented, the theories on which it is based, and the implication of this policy on our economy. Prerequisite: ECON 201. (3 credits)

FIN 318: Intermediate Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis encompassing multiple regression and correlation, ANOVA (simple and multivariate), goodness of fit, statistical decision analysis, and advanced forecasting techniques. Prerequisites: ECON 219 or MGMT 219, or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 320: Managerial Finance
Capital budgeting, cost of capital, management of short and long term assets, mergers and financial reorganization. Prerequisite: ACCT 210, Advanced business standing. (3 credits)

FIN 321: Investments
Introduction to security markets and their operation; investment alternatives; fundamentals of investment analysis. Prerequisite: FIN320 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 322: Bank Financial Management
Principles of bank financial management including sources and uses of funds and the role of the bank in financial markets. Prerequisite: FIN 320 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 323: Financial Markets and Institutions
Introduction to financial markets and institutions and to their role in financing business, consumers and government. Prerequisite: FIN 320 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 327: Management of Working Capital
In-depth analysis of financial management of business firms with special emphasis on the management of working capital. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credits)

FIN 328: Long Term Financial Management
This course will examine such topics as capital budgeting under certainty, uncertainty and inflationary conditions, lease/buy decisions, capital structure theory, dividend policy and the value of the firm, sources of long-term financing and financing with options. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credits)

FIN 329: Principles of Insurance
A study of the basic principles of insurance and risk. Topics include property and liability insurance; the financial structure and organization of insurance business, and the different fields of insurance. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credits)

FIN 340: Real Estate Investment
The study of the nature and scope of real estate investment, investment decision process and investment strategy, financial and risk analysis, tax implications, institutional real estate investment and real estate investment trust funds. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credits)

FIN 409: Retirement and Estate Planning
In-depth study of the tools and techniques available for use in retirement and estate planning from a personal financial planning perspective. Particular emphasis will be given to retirement cash flow analysis and planning as well as the transfer tax system inherent in estate planning and the methods available for estate management. Prerequisites: FIN 321, FIN 329, ACCT 240, ACCT 308 or permission of the instructor (3 credits)

FIN 410: Personal Financial Planning Seminar
Synthesize the topics requisite to expertise in personal financial planning as explored principally through case studies. These topics include risk management, investment, insurance and tax planning, and retirement and estate planning. Prerequisites: FIN 321, FIN 329, FIN 409, ACCT 240, ACCT 308, or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 420: Finance Seminar
Capital budgeting, cost of capital, capital structure, working capital management and long-term financing. Prerequisite: FIN 320 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FIN 421: Portfolio Theory
Advanced treatment of investment concepts. In-depth analysis of Modern Portfolio Theory, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its extensions, options, interest options, future markets and precious metals. Prerequisite: FIN 321. (3 credits)

FIN 427: International Financial Management
International monetary systems, sources of funds, import and export financing; taxation of multinational corporations, foreign investment decisions; political risk; risk of foreign exchange losses; management of working capital. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credits)

FIN 430: International Banking
Internationalization of U.S. and foreign banks to meet the global financial needs of multi-national activities. Prerequisites: FIN 320, FIN 323 is recommended. (3 credits)

FIN 450: Internship
Supervised placement and research in selected public and private agencies at appropriate institutions. Prerequisites: Application and permission of the instructor. (3-12 credits)

FIN 490: Independent Study
In-depth reading and/or research in an area of particular interest to the student, done with the guidance of a faculty member. Prerequisites: 12 credits of major courses, application, permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)

FRENCH COURSES

FREN 101,102,103: French Language and Culture I, II, III
A broad and practical working foundation in the language. Prerequisites: FREN101 or the equivalent for FREN 102; FREN 102 or the equivalent for FREN 103. (3 credits each)

FREN 201: Communicating in French
A functional course in speaking and writing French, stressing everyday vocabulary and structure. Prerequisite: FREN 103 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 210: French Literature in Translation
A study of representative French literary works, emphasizing the persons and ideas which have influenced French and foreign literatures. The course will be given in English; no knowledge of French required. For non-French majors. (3 credits)

FREN 220: Reading in French
An introduction to reading in French at the intermediate level. Prerequisite: FREN 103 or equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 300: French Grammar Review
An intermediate grammar review course emphasizing the basic structure of French. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 301: Developing French Vocabulary & Conversation Skills
Development of French vocabulary and conversation skills through intensive study of selected theme areas. Prerequisite: French 201/220 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

FREN 303: Business French
An introduction to basic French language usage in commerce and commercial correspondence. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 305: French Civilization
An advanced course in the study of the development of French civilization from the earliest times to the end of the 19th century. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 306: Modern France
A study of contemporary French life and attitudes today. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent for French majors. (3 credits)

FREN 320: Main Currents in French Literature
An introduction to the study of French literature through prose, drama and poetry. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 335: Women in French Literature
A study of French women authors and of French women as literary characters in French literature. Prerequisite: FREN 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

FREN 350: French Linguistics and Phonetics
An introduction to general linguistics and the practical application of phonetics to the study of French. Analysis and practice of the sound system of the foreign language. Prerequisite: Six credits at the 200 or above level. (3 credits)

FREN 395: Workshop
Special topics of interest to undergraduates and selected community members.

FREN 400: Advanced French Grammar
An advanced course in the study of French grammar and usage. Prerequisite: FREN 300. (3 credits)

FREN 401: Advanced Oral Communication Skills
This course will provide the opportunity for advanced students to improve their aural comprehension and their conversation abilities in French. Prerequisites: Six credits of French at the 300-level. (3 credits)

FREN 402: Eighteenth-Century Novel
A study of the Age of Enlightenment as reflected in the novel. Prerequisite: Six credits of French at the 300 level. (3 credits)

FREN 403: Nineteenth-Century French Literature
Readings from the romantic, realistic and naturalistic movements. Prerequisite: Six credits of French at the 300 level. (3 credits.)

FREN 404: Modern French Literature
A study of various aspects of modern French literature. Prerequisite: Six credits of French at the 300 level. (3 credits)

FREN 411: Literature of the Classical Period
A study of French Classicism, emphasizing the plays of Corneille, Moliere and Racine. Prerequisite: Six credits of French at the 300 level. (3 credits)

FREN 490: Independent Study
Students have an opportunity to study selected areas in greater concentration. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES COURSES

G&ES 100: Discover Geography
An introductory course that surveys the field of geography and demonstrates the relevance of basic geographic concepts and methodologies. (3 credits)

G&ES 105: World Regional Geography
This course will provide an introduction to the regional concept, classification of major culture regions throughout the world and a description of the physio-cultural character of those regions. A major emphasis of this course is learning where places are in a regional context. (3 credits)

G&ES 107: Environments and Peoples of the Developed World
An introductory course that surveys the developed world, stressing the economic, social, political, and environmental characteristics of US and Canada, Europe, the Russian Republics, and Japan. (3 credits)

G&ES 109: Environments and Peoples of the Developing World
An introductory course that surveys the developing world, stressing the economic, social, political, and environmental characteristics of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. (3 credits)

G&ES 115: Map Reading and Interpretation
Provides fundamental map concepts with an emphasis on using and understanding an atlas, making and interpreting computer maps, and reading and interpreting topographic maps. (1 credit)

G&ES 135: Introduction to Environmental Problems
An introduction to some of the more crucial environmental problems and alternative solutions that are available. (3 credits)

G&ES 150: The Natural Environment
An introduction to interrelationships among the physical elements of the environment, including the study of weather, climates, vegetation, soils and landforms. (3 credits)

G&ES 201: Latin America and the Caribbean
Consideration is given to physical, historical, cultural, political, and economic patterns in Latin America and the Caribbean. (3 credits)

G&ES 202: United States and Canada
An introductory course that surveys the patterns, connections, and evolution of environments, cultures, and economies of the U.S. and Canada, with an emphasis on maps, regions, and images. (3 credits)

G&ES 204: Post-Soviet Union
Study of the Soviet Union and Soviet-bloc nations with emphasis on economic, physical, political, and cultural aspects. (3 credits)

G&ES/PUBA 215: Rural and Urban Planning
An introduction to social and physical planning for rural areas, towns and cities. Cross-listed with Public Administration. (3 credits)

G&ES 220: General Methods of Fieldwork
A survey of methodology commonly employed for field research, including techniques of field observation, the use of field equipment, field mapping procedures, and the identification and tabulation of primary field data. Prerequisite: G&ES 115 (3 credits)

G&ES 230: Cultural Geography
Deals with spatial aspects of cultural phenomena. The course focuses on the origin, diffusion, and geographic organization of cultural groups and regions. (3 credits)

G&ES 235: Conservation
An examination of the earth’s complex resource base which places special emphasis on the geographic location of resources and on conservation/preservation practices. Prerequisite: G&ES 135 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

G&ES 242: Geography of Religion
The distribution and arrangement of world religions, giving consideration to the comparative influence of religion on the cultural landscape and on regional development. (3 credits)

G&ES 244: Environmental Justice
An examination of basic factors underlying the spatial allocation and development of resources. (3 credits)

G&ES 245: Population and Resources
Basic demographic principles and their relationship to regional development. (3 credits)

G&ES 255: General Climatology
The systematic analysis of the earth’s climates, including their description, classification, and location. Prerequisite: G&ES 150 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

G&ES 301: Geography of Rural Areas
Analyzes the structure and primary functional patterns of rural areas, with an emphasis on agricultural and industrial land use, problems of rural development, and population shifts. (3 credits)

G&ES 302: Cultural Geography
This course explores basic environmental and spatial approaches in the field of cultural geography. These approaches include cultural ecology, cultural history, cultural diffusion, cultural region, cultural integration and symbolism, and the cultural landscape. (3 credits)

G&ES 303: Asia
A survey of the major regions of Asia emphasizing their physical, cultural, and political characteristics. Several countries are selected for special emphasis. (3 credits)

G&ES 308: Europe
The evolution of nations, the cultural landscape, and the spatial-economic organization of Europe. (3 credits)

G&ES 309: Africa
This course surveys the patterns, connections, and evolution of environments, cultures, nations, and economies of Africa, with an emphasis on maps, regions, and images. (3 credits)

G&ES 310: Urban Geography
The course is designed to provide insights into the nature of cities and smaller urban places. (3 credits)

G&ES 315: Cartography I
Basic elements of computer-assisted thematic map design are discussed. Cartographic projects serve as a means of applying major concepts such as map projections, data classification, color theory, and qualitative/quantitative symbology. Includes a lab. Prerequisite: G&ES 115. (3 credits)

G&ES/POLS 324: Environmental Law and Policy
The study of political control of the environment. Focus on the roles played by individuals and groups. (3 credits)

G&ES 325: Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
This course introduces students to integrated computer tools for the capture, storage, manipulation, analysis, and printout of earth-referenced data. Computers are used to store maps, analyze maps, and produce new maps along with their attributes to address societal issues. Includes a lab. Prerequisite: G&ES 115. Prerequisites: CPSC 110 or CPSC 130. (3 credits)

G&ES 330: Political Geography
The effects of politics on geography and the effects of geographic factors on politics. (3 credits)

G&ES 331: Economic Geography
Examines human use and economic organization of the earth. (3 credits)

G&ES 345: Population Analysis
A study of the techniques of population analysis with respect to growth, distribution, fertility, migration, and other demographic characteristics. Prerequisite: Some background in algebra or statistics. (3 credits)

G&ES 375: Geography of Intolerance
Analyzes cross-culturally the impact on resource allocation and the spatial implications of gender, racial, religions, political and class discrimination. (3 credits)

G&ES 410: Remote Sensing
Covers the electromagnetic and thermal properties of earth objects, principles and operations of sensors, and the practical applications of remote sensing. Lectures will be supplemented with exercises requiring computer processing of satellite data. (3 credits)

G&ES 415: Cartography II
Advanced issues and theory of cartographic design are discussed. Cartographic applications include flow maps, bivariate statistical mapping, cartograms, interactive maps, and map animation. Includes a lab. Prerequisite: G&ES 315 or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

G&ES 420: Historical Geography of Anglo-America
A study of settlement patterns, land utilization, and sequent occupancies for selected periods since 1500. A student is expected to have background in geography and American history. (3 credits)

G&ES 425: Advanced Geographic Information Systems
This course investigates and applies advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Students will learn current techniques for the collection, evaluation, input, analysis, and output of spatial data with various GIS tools. Students will apply these techniques to real world problems in areas such as environmental monitoring, environ-mental modeling, urban planning, and economic location. Includes a lab. Prerequisites: G&ES 315, 325. (3 credits)

G&ES 435: Preservation Planning
A study of the American preservation movement as it relates to features of the cultural landscape. The origin and diffusion of building styles and the methods and problems associated with their preservation are emphasized. (3 credits)

G&ES 444: Philosophy of Geography
Acquaints the student with traditional and current geographic literature and traces the development of geographic methodology in the United States during the twentieth century. Prerequisite: Junior standing and/or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

G&ES/PUBA 445: Regional Planning
Deals with planning for the future of regions that are larger than any single local government. Consideration is given to economic development, land use, transportation, and other regional planning concerns. Prerequisite: G&ES/PUBA 215. (3 credits)

G&ES 450: Internship
Supervised placement and field experience in a selected public or private agency. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. (Credits vary)

G&ES 489: Field Studies
Students use the scientific method in selecting a topic, collecting data in the field, analyzing these data, and preparing a formal paper. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

G&ES 498: Selected Topics
The in-depth examination of a specific topic. The nature of the topic selected and its treatment determined in consultation with the instructor. (1-3 credits)

GERMAN COURSES

GERM 101,102,103: German Language and Culture I, II, III
A broad and practical working foundation in the language. Prerequisite: GERM 101 or the equivalent for GERM 102; and GERM 102 or the equivalent for GERM 103. (3 credits)

GERM 201: Communication in German
A functional course in speaking and writing German, stressing everyday vocabulary and structure. Prerequisite: GERM 103 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

GERM 210: German Literature in Translation
A study of representative German literary works, emphasizing the persons and ideas which have influenced German foreign literatures. The course will be given in English; no knowledge of German required. For non-German majors. (3 credits)

GERM 220: Reading in German
An introduction reading in German at the intermediate level. Prerequisite: GERM 103 or equivalent. (3 credits)

GERM 300: German Grammar Review
An intermediate grammar review course, emphasizing the basic structure of German. Prerequisite: GERM 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

GERM 303: Business German
A study of the German language as related to business and commerce. A con-sideration of the form and language of the business letter in German. Prerequisite: GERM 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

GERM 305: German Civilization
A study of the development of German civilization from its earliest beginnings to its modern times. Prerequisite: GERM 201 or 220 or the equivalent. Course is for majors and non-majors. (3 credits)

GERM 306: Modern German Civilization
A study of the civilization of German-speaking areas in the twentieth century. Prerequisite: GERM 201 or 220 or the equivalent. (3 credits)

GERONTOLOGY COURSES

GERO 265: Aging and the Older Person
Introduction to the interdisciplinary study of gerontology as a social, behavioral and biological science. A prerequisite to courses in gerontology and aging. Women and Aging examines the effects of women growing older in a changing society. Social, psychological, physical, economic, cultural, and political implications will be discussed, including health concerns, changing roles, and discrimination. (3 credits)

GERO 425: Women and Aging
Examines the effects of women growing older in a changing society. Social, psychological, physical, economic, cultural, and political implications will be discussed, including health concerns, changing roles, and discrimination. (3 credits)

GERO 450: Gerontology Internship
Individually designed experiential learning intended to provide the student with an opportunity for observation and participation in a wide range of gerontological activities in an approved institution or agency setting. Prerequisites: Nine credits of approved gerontology coursework or permission of the gerontology coordinator. (3-12 credits)

GERO 465: Seminar in Gerontology
An interdisciplinary investigation of selected facets of gerontology. Course content is drawn from the biological, behavioral, and social sciences, and it will include a consideration of current issues in such areas as mental health, housing, economics, transportation, preventive health program, long-term care, and leisure work activities. Prerequisite: GERO 265 or equivalent work experience; additional coursework in gerontology is desirable. (3 credits)

GERO 490: Independent Study
A rigorous investigation of a topic of relevance to gerontology not covered in detail in existing courses. Prerequisite: Permission of gerontology coordinator, instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)

HISTORY COURSES

HIST 151: Ancient and Medieval World
Major civilizations of the Western world as they meet and interact with the East. Emphasis is upon cultural achievements and institutional development to 1650. (3 credits)

HIST 152: Rise of the Modern World
European peoples and nations from the Renaissance and Reformation to the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. (3 credits)

HIST 153: Twentieth Century World
Contemporary history in the perspective of World War I and II, the Great Depression and the challenge of totalitarianism to democracy; Lenin vs. Wilson; Mussolini, Franco, Hitler and Tojo vs. Churchill and Roosevelt; Stalin and Mao Tse-tung. (3 credits)

HIST 201: Colonial America to 1825
The colonies, the American Revolution, the new nation and Jeffersonian demo-cracy to the Jacksonian period, including some study of ethnic groups. (3 credits)

HIST 202: United States, 1825-1900
Jacksonian era to world power, including sectionalism, manifest destiny, Civil War and Reconstruction and problems of industrialization. (3 credits)

HIST 203: U.S. History Since 1900
Social, economic and political history of the 20th century, including World War I, and the twenties, the New Deal, World War II, postwar problems and the African American’s struggle for acceptance. (3 credits)

HIST 205: Historical Methods
The course will introduce students to the skills associated with historical research and writing by means of word processing. In addition, various schools of historical thought will be analyzed. Co-requisite: enrollment in one upper division history course. (3 credits)

HIST 233: African American History to 1876
To investigate, discuss, and debate the historical experience of African Americans from their origins in West Africa, through the Middle Passage and the Plantation, to the 15th Amendment and the Sell-Out of 1876. (3 credits)

HIST 234: African American History Since 1876
The historical experiences of African Americans from the collapse of the Reconstruction and the emergence of Booker T. Washington, through the NAACP, UNIA, and the Harlem Renaissance, to the rise of the Nation of Islam, CORE, SCLC, and the election of 1976. (3 credits)

HIST 237: Outstanding Americans
A biographical approach to the study of American history. A study is made of the lives of those Americans who have made a contribution to society outside of politics. (3 credits)

HIST 240: Warfare in the Twentieth Century
A survey of wars in this century with emphasis on World Wars I and II. Technical innovation, military theory, and strategy will be examined along with their relationship to the nations involved. (3 credits)

HIST 286: Modern Japan
This course will investigate the history of the Japanese people from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present and explore Japan’s increasingly important role in the modern world. (3 credits)

HIST 305: Russia to 1855
A social, political and cultural history from ancient times to the death of Nicholas I. (3 credits)

HIST 306: Russia Since 1855
Continuity and change in Russia from the reign of Alexander II through the Soviet period. (3 credits)

HIST 319: History of Women to 1750
An analysis of women from the earliest civilizations to 1750 through the examination of the lives of ordinary and outstanding women from different levels of the social order. (3 credits)

HIST 320: History of Women from 1750 to the Present
This course will examine the role of women in the period 1750 to present from a cross-cultural perspective. Through the use of gender as a category of historical analysis and with particular reference to socio-economic differences, we will study the participation of women in the emergence of new national-states; the history of women’s labor in the household and the work place, the contribution of women in intellectual life, and the participation of women in the social/political reform movements of the modern era. (3 credits)

HIST 322: Germany in the Twentieth Century
Germany’s drive for recognition as a world power, culminating in the horror of World War I, failure of the Weimar Republic, the rise of Hitler and Naziism, World War II and the division into East and West Germany. (3 credits)

HIST 331: England to 1689
Celts, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Normans in the formation of a nation, the medieval period, and the Tudor and Stuart centuries. (3 credits)

HIST 332: England Since 1689
The rise to world dominion through sea power to the rivalry with Germany. (3 credits)

HIST 337: Indians of the United States
The history and culture of the seven major geographic-cultural groups of native Americans, including analysis of the clash of cultures with European civilization. (3 credits)

HIST 340: The Historical and Political Legacies of the Vietnam Era
Course examines the roots, nature, and course of the war in Vietnam and the accompanying cultural and political developments in the United States with a particular concern for the influences of war on our contemporary social and political context. (3 credits) Cross-listed as POLS 340.

HIST 344: The American City
Growth, impact and significance of the city and town in American history. A study of ethnology, religion, and education as factors in urban development with emphasis on industrialization as it transformed society and thought. (3 credits)

HIST 350: The American Civil War
An examination of the causes, conduct, and consequences of the American Civil War with emphasis given to its political, constitutional, economic, military, and social ramifications. (3 credits)

HIST 351: Latin America to 1830
Political, economic, and social development of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America, culminating in the winning of national independence. (3 credits)

HIST 352: Latin America Since 1830
Developing countries of Latin America, their internal problems, international relations and historic evolution to the present. (3 credits)

HIST 357: Challenges of the American Experience I (to 1865)
An interdisciplinary course including American literature, history, philosophy, and politics examining the roots of American institutions, values and cultures and their significance for the challenges confronting contemporary society. (3 credits)

HIST 358: Challenges of the American Experience II (1865 to the Present)
An interdisciplinary course including American literature, history, philosophy, and politics examining the roots of American institutions, values and cultures and their significance for the challenges confronting contemporary society. (3 credits)

HIST 362: Africa North of the Zambezi
Language groups, migrations of peoples, external influences, colonialism, and the emergence of independent states. (3 credits)

HIST 363: Southern Africa
The Republic of South Africa and the High Commission Territories of Bechuanaland, Swaziland, and Basutoland, including colonialism, imperialism, war, and reconstruction in the 19th and 20th centuries. (3 credits)

HIST 370: History and the Bible
The history of the eastern Mediterranean area from 1800 B.C.-100 A.D. with a study of the Old and New Testaments in order to evaluate their historical validity. (3 credits)

HIST 371: History of Jews
A course surveying Jewish life and thought from early Roman times to the present. Four thousand years of Jewish participation in most world civilizations are examined, and religious, philosophical, and literary contributions are analyzed. (3 credits)

HIST 380: Egyptology
A study of the history and culture of ancient Egypt from the old kingdom through the new kingdom. The methods and disciplines utilized in the study of an ancient culture will be analyzed and evaluated. (3 credits)

HIST 381: East Asian Military Traditions
This course will examine the cultural and historic factors which have distinguished Asian military traditions from the time of Sun Tze’s The Art of War in the fifth century B.C. through the nineteenth and twentieth century writings of such Asian militarists as Yamagata Aritomo, Mao Tse-Tung, and Vo Nguyen Giap. (3 credits)

HIST 382: Modern Asian Pacific Rim
This course will examine the political, social, economic, technological, and cultural factors which have affected the evolution of the Pacific Rim into the most vital and growing economic region on the globe. (3 credits)

HIST 386: Modern China
This course will examine the history of modern China, the major factors, which influenced its course, and the values, which operate in Chinese society today. (3 credits)

HIST 422: Greece and Rome
The major events in the evolution of classical civilization. (3 credits)

HIST 424: The Middle Ages
Major political, social, economic, and intellectual events in the feudal era of Western Europe. (3 credits)

HIST 426: French Revolution and Napoleon
French political, social, and economic affairs in the 18th century, the French Enlightenment, the Revolution, and the Napoleonic period. (3 credits)

HIST 427: Nineteenth Century Europe
From the Congress of Vienna to the outbreak of World War I, examining nationalism, liberalism, the response to industrialism, imperialism, the rise of the alliance system, and the breakdown of nineteenth century order. (3 credits)

HIST 435: Pennsylvania
The founding and growth of Pennsylvania to the present. (3 credits)

HIST 437: Westward Movement
The westward movement in continental United States from discovery to 1890. Special emphasis on the trans-Mississippi West. (3 credits)

HIST 442: Studies in U.S. Women’s History
An in-depth investigation into specific topics of women’s studies through individual reading assignments and group discussions. Prerequisite: 3 credits in women’s studies or permission of the instructor. (3 credits)

HIST 445: Environmental Thought in the United States
American philosophical foundations of environmental thought in American history with emphasis upon changing attitudes and evaluations of successes and failures. (3 credits)

HIST 450: History Internship
Supervised placement and research in selected public and private agencies at appropriate institutions. (credits vary)

HIST 451: U.S. Foreign Relations to 1890
Foreign relations from the beginning of our national history to the era of imperialism and the Spanish-American War. (3 credits)

HIST 452: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1890
American foreign policy from the Spanish-American War to the present. (3 credits)

HIST 453: American Constitutional History and Law
Federal constitution by the Supreme Court, including the growth of constitutional law and political, social, economic, and technological changes. May be used as a political science elective. (3 credits)

HIST 455: Economic U.S. History
American economic development, with emphasis on change and growth in commerce, industry, labor, finance, and governmental participation. May be used as an economics elective. (3 credits)

HIST 462: The Contemporary Middle East
The economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of the Middle East in the perspective of the past. (3 credits)

HIST 490: Independent Study
For history majors or advanced students with a background in history. Prerequisites: QPA of 2.750 in history and permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)

HONORS COURSES

HONR 385, 386, 387, 388: The Great Books
Seminars on selected topics from the classic works of human thought. (3 credits)

INTERDISCIPLINARY COURSES

INDS 110: Research.com
A self-paced course introducing the resources of the university library. Students will select and use print and non-print materials on assigned subjects as preparation for future library research in various disciplines. Should be scheduled after the completion of any remedial English or communication course. For course information contact the library. (1 credit)

NS&M 101: Introduction to the Natural Sciences and Mathematics
A course designed to introduce the student to scientific practices at the University level. Emphasis will be on developing an appreciation for the unity of the different fields of science, learning methods common to all scientific disciplines, and acquiring learning skills and strategies that may be transferred to other studies. (1 credit)

NS&M 303: Scientific Principles Applied to Human Phenomena
The disciplines of nuclear medicine, genetics, immunology, nutrition and medical physics are encountered through utilization of a lecture-discussion format. Prerequisites: CHEM 103, BIOL 216 and 210. (3 credits)

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COURSES

INBS 227: Introduction to International Business
An overview of the basic issues that firms often encounter while conducting business in a global environment. Such issues are in the areas of international trade and finance; diversified legal, political and cultural environments; international management and marketing; international accounting and taxation; and inter-national human resource management. (3 credits)

INBS 326: International Economics
Alternative exchange rate systems, commercial trade policies, balance of payments, adjustment mechanisms and the role of international financial organizations. Prerequisites: ECON 201 and 202. (3 credits)

INBS 427: International Financial Management
International monetary systems, sources of funds, import and export financing; taxation of multinational corporations, foreign investment decisions; political risk; risk of foreign exchange losses; management of working capital. Prerequisite: FIN 320. (3 credit)

ITALIAN COURSES

ITAL 101, 102, 103: Italian Language and Culture I, II, III
A broad and practical working foundation in the language. Prerequisite: ITAL101 or equivalent for ITAL 102; ITAL 102 or equivalent for ITAL103. (3 credits each)

ITAL 202: Intermediate Italian I
Comprehensive review of Italian grammar with emphasis on developing the students’ abilities for proficient oral and written accomplishments. Prerequisite: ITAL103 or equivalent. (3 credits)

ITAL 210: Italian Literature in Translation
A study of the main currents of Italian literature from the Renaissance to modern times, with emphasis on the contem-porary. The course will be given entirely in English; no knowledge of Italian required. For non-Italian majors. (3 credits)

ITAL 490: Independent Study
Students have an opportunity to study selected areas in greater concentration. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor, departmental chairperson, and dean of the college where the study will be conducted. (1-3 credits)